Britain’s Katie Boulter lost 7-5 4-6 6-1 to Russia’s Ekaterina Alexandrova in the first round of the St Petersburg Ladies Trophy.

The 22-year-old had failed to reach the main draw after being beaten in qualifying by Ysaline Bonaventure but went through as a lucky loser after Dominika Cibulkova withdrew.

However, the world number 88 failed to make her second chance count.

Alexandrova hit 17 aces to Boulter’s six and faces Tereza Martincova next.

Britain’s former world number one Andy Murray had hip resurfacing surgery in London on Monday.

The three-time Grand Slam champion, 31, announced in January he would retire this year, preferably after Wimbledon.

But he admitted the Australian Open, where he lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in the first round, could be the final tournament of his career.

He said: “I have a metal hip. Feeling a bit battered and bruised but hopefully that will be the end of my hip pain.”

The Scot’s post on Instagram featured an X-ray picture of his hip.

What does the operation involve?

Professor Max Fehily, consultant orthopaedic surgeon and clinical director at the Manchester Hip Clinic, says the operation involves “smoothing down the ball, then covering it with a metal cap”.

“Then a layer of metal is placed within the pelvic socket in which it sits,” he added.

American doubles legend Bob Bryan had a similar operation in 2018. The 40-year-old was on court within five months of his operation and competed with twin brother Mike at the Australian Open.

Prof Fehily added that “90 to 95% of patients who have this surgery are delighted and live a pain-free life”, although none of his patients try to play professional tennis.

• Doubles specialist Bryan made it back from resurfacing op – can Murray?
• How Murray helped create golden period for British sport
• What will Andy Murray be worth in retirement?
• The moment Murray knew the game was up

Murray initially had surgery on his right hip in January 2018 and has played 15 matches since returning to the sport last June.

He was due to play in February’s Marseille Open but withdrew from the tournament on Friday.

Murray ended his 2018 season in September to spend time working with rehabilitation expert Bill Knowles.

But he was in tears at a news conference in Melbourne when he announced before the first Grand Slam of 2019 that it may be the final one of his career.

Murray then said following his five-set exit to Bautista Agut that he would need “a big operation” if he was to play again, but added: “I’ll give it my best shot.”

In an interview with BBC Radio 5 live, the two-time Olympic champion said surgery was the only option if he wanted to play beyond Wimbledon.

“However, there is a strong possibility I won’t come back and play after an operation. I want to play tennis, but not with the hip I have right now,” he added.

Murray said surgery on his hip would mean “my quality of life would be better”.

“Just going to walk my dogs, playing football with my friends, is the worst thing I can think of doing,” he said.

“I hate it because it’s so sore and it’s uncomfortable. Waiting another five or six months to do something like that is just another period where I’m really uncomfortable.”

Analysis

BBC tennis correspondent Russell Fuller

“Athletes have had operations like that done and come back to play, but certainly not in singles,” Murray told me in Melbourne after that very emotional news conference.

I am sure there is a small part of him that has not abandoned all hope of continuing his career, but this operation is first and foremost about improving his quality of life.

If the operation proves successful, Murray might be able to make a farewell appearance at Wimbledon – although there can be no guarantee he will ever be able to compete again.

Bob Bryan played again five months after having the same operation, and reached the last eight of the Australian Open with his twin brother Mike.

Wimbledon just happens to be five months away; and Andy also has a brother who is one of the best doubles players in the world.

We can but speculate for the moment. Time will tell.

Is Andy Murray’s tennis career over?

If the outpouring of emotion since he was knocked out of the Australian Open is anything to go by, many will hope not.

On Monday, the Briton had hip resurfacing surgery which he hopes will “be the end of my pain”.

How did we get to this point?

Murray, 31, says he has had pain in his hip for “a number of years” – and after losing in the Wimbledon quarter-finals in 2017, he took the rest of the season off.

Last January he had surgery, after which he said: “I’m not finished playing tennis yet. I’m going to be competing at the highest level again.”

Twelve months – and only seven tournaments – later, he gave an emotional news conference before the Australian Open, saying it could be his final tournament.

Despite a trademark fightback in his first-round match with Roberto Bautista Agut, he lost in five sets.

Speaking after the match, he said he would decide in a “week or two” what he would do next.

What was wrong with Murray’s hip and what surgery did he have?

The three-time Grand Slam champion said he had been in pain every day, even struggling to put on his socks and walk the dogs. It sounded bleak, but his team were pretty cagey about what the injury actually was.

Professor Max Fehily, consultant orthopaedic surgeon and clinical director at the Manchester Hip Clinic, believes Murray may have had hip impingement – essentially a problem with the ball-and-socket joint.

Speaking before Murray announced he had had surgery, Prof Fehily said: “Repetitive and heavy hip flexion can damage the cartilage of the socket and can lead to deformity of the ball.

“This is a common injury in high-impact sports such as martial arts, rugby and gymnastics. It’s not as common in tennis, but Murray is such an impact player.”

So what does a hip resurfacing operation entail?

“Smoothing down the ball, then covering it with a metal cap,” explained Fehily. “Then a layer of metal is placed within the pelvic socket in which it sits.”

American doubles legend Bob Bryan had a similar operation in 2018.

Bryan, 40, was on court within five months of his operation and competed with twin brother Mike at the Australian Open.

So will everything be fine now Murray has had the surgery?

Sadly, the procedure is not a magic remedy.

Even if the surgery has corrected the issue, the metal components can wear out after 10 to 15 years – earlier if the patient is very active – and revision surgery, which can be more challenging and produce poor outcomes, is often required.

Prof Fehily said: “Ninety to 95% of patients who have this surgery are delighted and live a pain-free life – they can ski, swim, cycle and play golf at the weekend.

“But none of them try to play professional tennis.”

The vast majority of people who have the surgery – in the UK, at least – are over the age of 55.

What’s the long-term outlook?

“If Murray is able to return to tennis, he puts himself at risk of further injury at best, and at the other end of the scale may develop severe osteoarthritis,” said Prof Fehily.

But there are anomalies.

Bryan, also speaking before Murray announced he had had the operation, says the Scot has been “watching me like a hawk, asking me how I’m feeling after matches, after practices, where I’m at”.

The doubles specialist, though, refers to singles as a “a different monster”.

“Those guys are sliding around, killing themselves for four hours,” he said. “Who knows if this joint would hold up?

“Will you have the explosiveness to be quick on the singles court? If you don’t have that, you’ll be exposed.”

He said he would “love” Murray to have the operation “just for quality of life”, adding: “You can sleep, walk, be with your kids, play.”

A version of this article was first published on 17 January.